对虾性别分化、性腺发育中若干关键问题的研究

IOCAS-IR > 海洋环流与波动重点实验室

	对虾性别分化、性腺发育中若干关键问题的研究
	李富花
学位类型	博士
	1999
学位授予单位	中国科学院海洋研究所
学位授予地点	中国科学院海洋研究所
学位专业	海洋生物学
关键词	对虾性别分化促雄腺三倍体卵巢发育法呢烯酸甲酯（mf）
摘要	利用扫描电镜和组织学研究相结合的方法研究了中国对虾早期的性别分化。扫描电镜观察的结果表明，中国对虾外部性征的性别分化是在变为仔是后第35天开始的，而内部性征则是在变为仔虾后的第76天观察到生殖腺原基向精巢和卵巢的分化。促雄腺(Androgenic gland)是控制甲壳动物性别分化的一个重要器官。到目前为止，已在软甲类的多数目中报道了促雄腺的存在。不同种类促雄腺的分布位置不同，外部形态也有很大差别。中国对虾的促雄腺位于第五对步足基部的肌肉间，于片状覆盖在精荚囊与射精管连接处。当用苏木精染色时，由于其嗜碱性比较强，整个腺体被染成深蓝色。扫描电镜观察可见，中国对虾的促雄腺具有葡萄串状的外形，它是由许多葡萄形的亚单位组成的，这些亚单位的大小、形态各异组织学观察的结果表明，中国对虾的促雄腺由两种类型的细胞组成。第一类细胞，数量少，核的嗜碱性很强，被苏木精染成深蓝色，核仁不易分辨；第二类细胞，数量大，核比较膨大，嗜碱性较弱，核质疏松，具有明显可见的核仁。不同大小的虾中，腺细胞的排列方式不同。随着对虾的发育成熟，腺细胞逐渐由索状排列变为成团排列，说明促雄腺的形成存在一个逐渐发育的过程。利用手术破坏促雄腺或用促雄腺匀浆液浸泡仔虾的方法研究了中国对虾促雄腺的功能，中国对虾促雄腺的存在与否对于雄性外部性征的发育和维持起着重要作用。破坏促雄腺的雄虾的交接器的发育明显受到抑制。但是，未观察到促雄腺对对虾内部性征发育的影响，这可能与进行手术时对虾所处的发育期有关。利用促雄腺的匀浆液浸泡仔虾，对雄虾交接器的发育有一定促进作用。高温处理对中国对虾受精卵孵化率的影响随处理温度及处理时间的改变而发生变化。用热处理方法成功地诱导了中国对虾三倍体，最高诱导率达75%，并对三倍体群体的生物学特性进行了研究。在中国对虾三倍体的群体中，雌体的巢存在两种类型：一种类型卵巢，生殖细胞停留在卵原细胞阶段，没有进一步发育；另一种类型的卵巢，生殖细胞由卵原细胞发育为初级卵母细胞，发育情况与对虾的类似。对卵巢处于发育的第II或第III期的中国对虾以及卵巢发育处在第I、II、III期的几纳对虾的血液和卵巢中法呢烯酸甲酯（MF）含量进行了研究，结果表明，中国对虾和凡纳对虾中均存在MF。凡纳对虾血液和卵巢发育具有明显的刺激作用，这种刺激作用是通过血液中法呢烯酸甲酯含量的提高来实现的。这一研究结果进一步说明了法呢烯酸甲酯与甲壳动物繁殖之间的关系。
其他摘要	Early sex differentiation of Chinese shrimp Penaeus chinensis was studied through scanning electronic microscope techniques and histological methods. The results showed that sex differentiation of external sex characteristics in P. chinensis began on the 35~(th) day after the first stage of postlarvae, while sexual discrimination of the gonad through histological methods was possible for the first time on the 76~(th) day after the first stage of postlarvae. Androgenic aland has been reported in most orders of Malacostraca till present. The position and form of androgenic gland are different in different species. The androgenic gland of P. chinensis was situated among the coxal muscle of the fifth pereiopoda, covering the surface of connection between terminal ampoule ejaculatory tube. Stained with hematoxylin, the whole gland showed blue. Under a scanning microscope, the androgenic gland looks like a cluster of grapes. It consists of many grape-like sub-units that have different size and different form. Histological inspection showed that the androgenic gland of P. chinensis consists of two types of cells. In one form, the basophilia of nucleus was very strong, and the nucleolus could not be seen. In the other form, the basophilia of nucleus was weaker, and the nucleolus was prominent. At different developmental stages of shrimp, the arraying pattern of androgenic gland cells is different. In some younger shrimps, the androgenic gland cells scattered among the muscle. Along with the growing of shrimps, the number of gland cells increased and the gland cells arrayed in mass. This phenomenon indicated that the formation of androgenic gland was a gradually developmental process. The function of androgenic gland was studied through destruction of androgenic gland of young shrimps or rinsing postlarvae of shrimp in homogenates of androgenic glands. The results showed that the presence or absence of androgenic gland in male shrimps played very significant role to the development of secondary sex characteristics. The development of male petasma was apparently inhibited in the male shrimps when androgenic glands were absent. However, there is no difference for primary sex characteristics between normal male shrimps and experimental shrimps. This phenomenon may relate with developmental stage of shrimp when the surgery was conducted. Rinsing experiments preliminarily indicated that homogenates of androgenic gland may accelerated development of external sex characteristics. Hatching rate of fertilized eggs of P. chinensis are affected by temperature and treatment conditions. Triploids of P. chinensis were successfully induced by heat shocks on large scale. The highest inducing rate of triploids was 75%. Biological characteristics of triploid shrimps were studied. There were two kinds of ovaries in triploid shrimp population. In one type of ovary, germ cells were mainly staying at oogonia stage; in another kind of ovary, the germ cells developed to primary oocytes from oogonia just like that of normal shrimps. Analysis of MF content in hemolymph and ovaries were conduct in P. chinensis and P. vannamei. The results showed that there existed MF in shrimps. The content of MF in hemolymph and ovaries varies with the ovary development of P. vannamei. Exogeneous MF had apparent stimulatory effect on the development of gonad in Libinia emarginata. This role was conducted through the elevation of MF content in hemolymph. These results further indicated that MF was closely related with reproduction of crustacean.
页数	81
语种	中文
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.qdio.ac.cn/handle/337002/277
专题	海洋环流与波动重点实验室
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	李富花. 对虾性别分化、性腺发育中若干关键问题的研究[D]. 中国科学院海洋研究所. 中国科学院海洋研究所,1999.

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